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下肢外骨骼机器人；人机交互；运动学习；轨迹生成；运动基元；黑盒优化 1

下肢机器人；捕获点；步态相位；人机系统平衡 1

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Review of human–robot coordination control for rehabilitation based on motor function evaluation

《机械工程前沿（英文）》 2022年第17卷第2期 doi: 10.1007/s11465-022-0684-4

摘要： As a wearable and intelligent system, a lower limb exoskeleton rehabilitation robot can provide auxiliary rehabilitation training for patients with lower limb walking impairment/loss and address the existing problem of insufficient medical resources. One of the main elements of such a human–robot coupling system is a control system to ensure human–robot coordination. This review aims to summarise the development of human–robot coordination control and the associated research achievements and provide insight into the research challenges in promoting innovative design in such control systems. The patients’ functional disorders and clinical rehabilitation needs regarding lower limbs are analysed in detail, forming the basis for the human–robot coordination of lower limb rehabilitation robots. Then, human–robot coordination is discussed in terms of three aspects: modelling, perception and control. Based on the reviewed research, the demand for robotic rehabilitation, modelling for human–robot coupling systems with new structures and assessment methods with different etiologies based on multi-mode sensors are discussed in detail, suggesting development directions of human–robot coordination and providing a reference for relevant research.

关键词： human–robot coupling lower limb rehabilitation exoskeleton robot motor assessment dynamical model perception

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一种应用于功率放大液压驱动外骨骼的基于物理人机交互估计的控制策略 None

Yi LONG, Zhi-jiang DU, Wei-dong WANG, Long HE, Xi-wang MAO, Wei DONG

《信息与电子工程前沿（英文）》 2018年第19卷第9期页码 1076-1085 doi: 10.1631/FITEE.1601667

摘要：提出安装在外骨骼上的力矩传感器直接获得物理人机交互（physical human-robot interaction，pHRI）力矩信息。

关键词：外骨骼；物理人机交互；力矩传感器；人体步态；卡尔曼平滑器

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一种新型自主下肢外骨骼助行机器人的研制 Special Feature on Intelligent Robats

Yong HE, Nan LI, Chao WANG, Lin-qing XIA, Xu YONG, Xin-yu WU

《信息与电子工程前沿（英文）》 2019年第20卷第3期页码 318-329 doi: 10.1631/FITEE.1800561

摘要：目前，外骨骼被广泛应用于下肢运动障碍患者的步行辅助。现有外骨骼机器人大部分采用欠驱动模式，导致一系列使用问题，如行走过程中步行干扰和不自然步态。提出一种新型智能自主下肢外骨骼(Auto-LEE)，旨在改善穿戴式助行器用户体验，扩大应用范围。与传统外骨骼不同，Auto-LEE有10个自由度，所有关节都由直流电机独立驱动，使机器人能在无外部支撑下保持平衡行走。此外，在设计中采用模块化结构理念，在控制系统中考虑多模态人机交互。为验证机器人自主平衡双足行走能力，对比3种常用步态规划算法，初步实现行走实验。

关键词：下肢；外骨骼；自平衡；双足行走；模块化设计

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跨行业标准测试方法进展：从制造机器人到可穿戴机器人 Review

Roger BOSTELMAN, Elena MESSINA, Sebti FOUFOU

《信息与电子工程前沿（英文）》 2017年第18卷第10期页码 1447-1457 doi: 10.1631/FITEE.1601316

摘要：制造机器人正朝着轻型机器人的人机协作方向发展。类似地，被动式（弹簧和平衡制动）和主动式（电机制动）外骨骼也可用于人类穿戴并移动身体部位。被计算机和集成传感器控制的外骨骼也被称作“可穿戴机器人”。通过风险评估，符合安全标准的制造机器人和可穿戴机器人现已允许人类使用。然而，两种系统都缺少其性能标准。可穿戴机器人性能标准测试方法可以从目前针对制造机器人和紧急响应机器人的类似性能标准测试方法的研究中得到启发。本文对制造机器人和搜救机器人性能测试的最新研究进行了介绍，同时讨论了如何利用相同测试方法更好地获得可穿戴机器人的性能。

关键词：可穿戴机器人；外骨骼；跨行业；人工制品；标准；抓取

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Design and preliminary evaluation of an exoskeleton for upper limb resistance training

Tzong-Ming WU, Dar-Zen CHEN

《机械工程前沿（英文）》 2012年第7卷第2期页码 188-198 doi: 10.1007/s11465-012-0327-2

摘要：

Resistance training is a popular form of exercise recommended by national health organizations, such as the American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM) and the American Heart Association (AHA). This form of training is available for most populations. A compact design of upper limb exoskeleton mechanism for home-based resistance training using a spring-loaded upper limb exoskeleton with a three degree-of-freedom shoulder joint and a one degree-of-freedom elbow joint allows a patient or a healthy individual to move the upper limb with multiple joints in different planes. It can continuously increase the resistance by adjusting the spring length to train additional muscle groups and reduce the number of potential injuries to upper limb joints caused by the mass moment of inertia of the training equipment. The aim of this research is to perform a preliminary evaluation of the designed function by adopting an appropriate motion analysis system and experimental design to verify our prototype of the exoskeleton and determine the optimal configuration of the spring-loaded upper limb exoskeleton.

关键词： exoskeleton free-weight exercise upper limb motion analysis

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针对下肢外骨骼机器人的基于概率运动基元的黑盒优化运动学习 Research Article

王嘉琪,高永卓,吴冬梅,董为

《信息与电子工程前沿（英文）》 2023年第24卷第1期页码 104-116 doi: 10.1631/FITEE.2200065

摘要：外骨骼作为一种可穿戴的机器人，通过拟人化的构型直接传递机械动力来辅助或增强穿戴者运动。当外骨骼用于促进穿戴者的运动时，运动生成过程通常在高层控制中发挥重要作用。该领域的主要挑战之一是实时生成符合人类意图且可以适应不同情况的参考轨迹。在本文中，我们首先提出了一种基于概率运动基元（ProMP）的下肢外骨骼运动建模方法，它是一种用于生成运动轨迹的新型且强大的代表性工具。为了在不同穿戴者使用外骨骼时使轨迹适应不同情况，我们接着提出了一种基于黑盒优化PIBB结合ProMP的新型运动学习方案。运动模型首先由ProMP离线学习，它可以生成参考轨迹供外骨骼控制器在线使用，再采用PIBB在线学习和更新模型，提供了系统的自适应能力，消除了不确定性的影响。使用下肢外骨骼HEXO对六名受试者进行的模拟和实验证明了所提出方法的有效性。

关键词：下肢外骨骼机器人；人机交互；运动学习；轨迹生成；运动基元；黑盒优化

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Design and experiment of a novel pneumatic soft arm based on a deployable origami exoskeleton

《机械工程前沿（英文）》 2023年第18卷第4期 doi: 10.1007/s11465-023-0770-2

摘要： Soft arms have shown great application potential because of their flexibility and compliance in unstructured environments. However, soft arms made from soft materials exhibit limited cargo-loading capacity, which restricts their ability to manipulate objects. In this research, a novel soft arm was developed by coupling a rigid origami exoskeleton with soft airbags. The joint module of the soft arm was composed of a deployable origami exoskeleton and three soft airbags. The motion and load performance of the soft arm of the eight-joint module was tested. The developed soft arm withstood at least 5 kg of load during extension, contraction, and bending motions; exhibited bistable characteristics in both fully contracted and fully extended states; and achieved a bending angle of more than 240° and a contraction ratio of more than 300%. In addition, the high extension, contraction, bending, and torsional stiffnesses of the soft arm were experimentally demonstrated. A kinematic-based trajectory planning of the soft arm was performed to evaluate its error in repetitive motion. This work will provide new design ideas and methods for flexible manipulation applications of soft arms.

关键词： pneumatic soft arm soft airbag deployable origami exoskeleton bistable characteristics cargo-loading capacity

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Development of a masticatory robot using a novel cable-driven linear actuator with bidirectional motion

《机械工程前沿（英文）》 2022年第17卷第4期 doi: 10.1007/s11465-022-0687-1

摘要： Masticatory robots are an effective in vitro performance testing device for dental material and mandibular prostheses. A cable-driven linear actuator (CDLA) capable of bidirectional motion is proposed in this study to design a masticatory robot that can achieve increasingly human-like chewing motion. The CDLA presents remarkable advantages, such as lightweight and high stiffness structure, in using cable amplification and pulley systems. This work also exploits the proposed CDLA and designs a masticatory robot called Southeast University masticatory robot (SMAR) to solve existing problems, such as bulky driving linkage and position change of the muscle’s origin. Stiffness analysis and performance experiment validate the CDLA’s efficiency, with its stiffness reaching 1379.6 N/mm (number of cable parts n = 4), which is 21.4 times the input wire stiffness. Accordingly, the CDLA’s force transmission efficiencies in two directions are 84.5% and 85.9%. Chewing experiments are carried out on the developed masticatory robot to verify whether the CDLA can help SMAR achieve a natural human-like chewing motion and sufficient chewing forces for potential applications in performance tests of dental materials or prostheses.

关键词： masticatory robot cable-driven linear actuator parallel robot stiffness analysis

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Terrain classification and adaptive locomotion for a hexapod robot Qingzhui

Yue ZHAO, Feng GAO, Qiao SUN, Yunpeng YIN

《机械工程前沿（英文）》 2021年第16卷第2期页码 271-284 doi: 10.1007/s11465-020-0623-1

摘要： Legged robots have potential advantages in mobility compared with wheeled robots in outdoor environments. The knowledge of various ground properties and adaptive locomotion based on different surface materials plays an important role in improving the stability of legged robots. A terrain classification and adaptive locomotion method for a hexapod robot named Qingzhui is proposed in this paper. First, a force-based terrain classification method is suggested. Ground contact force is calculated by collecting joint torques and inertial measurement unit information. Ground substrates are classified with the feature vector extracted from the collected data using the support vector machine algorithm. Then, an adaptive locomotion on different ground properties is proposed. The dynamic alternating tripod trotting gait is developed to control the robot, and the parameters of active compliance control change with the terrain. Finally, the method is integrated on a hexapod robot and tested by real experiments. Our method is shown effective for the hexapod robot to walk on concrete, wood, grass, and foam. The strategies and experimental results can be a valuable reference for other legged robots applied in outdoor environments.

关键词： terrain classification hexapod robot legged robot adaptive locomotion gait control

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潜在用于单侧膝受伤患者的传感引导步态同步下肢外骨骼 Research Articles

王东海1,2

《信息与电子工程前沿（英文）》 2022年第23卷第6期页码 920-936 doi: 10.1631/FITEE.2000465

摘要：

本文展示了一种可潜在帮助单侧膝受伤患者正常行走的传感引导步态同步下肢外骨骼系统。外骨骼能够减轻人体体重对受伤膝下肢的负载，并维持与健康侧下肢行走步态摆动相同步。传感引导步态同步系统集成了人体传感网络，它能感知健康侧下肢的运动步态。基于测量的关节角度轨迹引导，安装电机的髋关节在行走中提起腿杆，并将膝受伤步态和健康步态以半周期延时进行同步。实验验证了下肢外骨骼的效果。本文比较了健康腿和膝受伤腿的测量关节角度轨迹、仿真的膝受力、人机交互力等方面，结果说明髋关节安装电机受控制的下肢外骨骼能够将受伤腿和体重支撑外骨骼的融合步态与健康腿步态进行同步。

关键词：传感引导；下肢外骨骼；人体传感网络；步态同步；体重支撑

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Design and modeling of continuum robot based on virtual-center of motion mechanism

《机械工程前沿（英文）》 2023年第18卷第2期 doi: 10.1007/s11465-022-0739-6

摘要： Continuum robot has attracted extensive attention since its emergence. It has multi-degree of freedom and high compliance, which give it significant advantages when traveling and operating in narrow spaces. The flexural virtual-center of motion (VCM) mechanism can be machined integrally, and this way eliminates the assembly between joints. Thus, it is well suited for use as a continuum robot joint. Therefore, a design method for continuum robots based on the VCM mechanism is proposed in this study. First, a novel VCM mechanism is formed using a double leaf-type isosceles-trapezoidal flexural pivot (D-LITFP), which is composed of a series of superimposed LITFPs, to enlarge its stroke. Then, the pseudo-rigid body (PRB) model of the leaf is extended to the VCM mechanism, and the stiffness and stroke of the D-LITFP are modeled. Second, the VCM mechanism is combined to form a flexural joint suitable for the continuum robot. Finally, experiments and simulations are used to validate the accuracy and validity of the PRB model by analyzing the performance (stiffness and stroke) of the VCM mechanism. Furthermore, the motion performance of the designed continuum robot is evaluated. Results show that the maximum stroke of the VCM mechanism is approximately 14.2°, the axial compressive strength is approximately 1915 N/mm, and the repeatable positioning accuracies of the continuum robot is approximately ±1.47° (bending angle) and ±2.46° (bending direction).

关键词： VCM mechanism continuum robot flexural joint pseudo-rigid body model cable-driven

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降低自行车运动中股四头肌消耗的无动力膝关节外骨骼研究 Article

Ronnapee Chaichaowarat,Jun Kinugawa,Kazuhiro Kosuge

《工程（英文）》 2018年第4卷第4期页码 471-478 doi: 10.1016/j.eng.2018.07.011

摘要：

自行车是一种环保且具有娱乐性的交通方式。为了减少自行车运动的能量消耗同时不消耗额外的能源，我们提出利用扭力弹簧对膝关节伸展进行支撑。我们开发了一个基于嵌入式扭转弹簧与交叉四杆机构的膝关节外骨骼原型机。在研究过程中，通过分析8 名健康男性参与者以恒定功率骑行测试的数据，对原型机性能进行了评估。记录参与者在200 W 和225 W 带有加速系统的骑行训练机运动时两个腿部股直肌的表面肌电图（EMG）。然后，通过连续小波变换在时间频率上分析这些数据。在相同的骑行速度和腿部节奏下，肌电的中值功率谱频率随骑行负荷的增加而增加。在相同的骑行载荷下，外骨骼机器人可使中值功率谱频率降低。外骨骼机器人不消耗电能，不传递净正机械功，可减轻股四头肌的活动。此项基础研究可应用于骑行辅助可穿戴设备的进一步开发。

关键词：增强自行车运动能量消耗肌电图学外骨骼膝盖矫正器肌肉活动

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Strategy for robot motion and path planning in robot taping

Qilong YUAN,I-Ming CHEN,Teguh Santoso LEMBONO,Simon Nelson LANDÉN,Victor MALMGREN

《机械工程前沿（英文）》 2016年第11卷第2期页码 195-203 doi: 10.1007/s11465-016-0390-1

摘要：

Covering objects with masking tapes is a common process for surface protection in processes like spray painting, plasma spraying, shot peening, etc. Manual taping is tedious and takes a lot of effort of the workers. The taping process is a special process which requires correct surface covering strategy and proper attachment of the masking tape for an efficient surface protection. We have introduced an automatic robot taping system consisting of a robot manipulator, a rotating platform, a 3D scanner and specially designed taping end-effectors. This paper mainly talks about the surface covering strategies for different classes of geometries. The methods and corresponding taping tools are introduced for taping of following classes of surfaces: Cylindrical/extended surfaces, freeform surfaces with no grooves, surfaces with grooves, and rotational symmetrical surfaces. A collision avoidance algorithm is introduced for the robot taping manipulation. With further improvements on segmenting surfaces of taping parts and tape cutting mechanisms, such taping solution with the taping tool and the taping methodology can be combined as a very useful and practical taping package to assist humans in this tedious and time costly work.

关键词： robot taping path planning robot manipulation 3D scanning

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A new efficient optimal path planner for mobile robot based on Invasive Weed Optimization algorithm

Prases K. MOHANTY,Dayal R. PARHI

《机械工程前沿（英文）》 2014年第9卷第4期页码 317-330 doi: 10.1007/s11465-014-0304-z

摘要：

Planning of the shortest/optimal route is essential for efficient operation of autonomous mobile robot or vehicle. In this paper Invasive Weed Optimization (IWO), a new meta-heuristic algorithm, has been implemented for solving the path planning problem of mobile robot in partially or totally unknown environments. This meta-heuristic optimization is based on the colonizing property of weeds. First we have framed an objective function that satisfied the conditions of obstacle avoidance and target seeking behavior of robot in partially or completely unknown environments. Depending upon the value of objective function of each weed in colony, the robot avoids obstacles and proceeds towards destination. The optimal trajectory is generated with this navigational algorithm when robot reaches its destination. The effectiveness, feasibility, and robustness of the proposed algorithm has been demonstrated through series of simulation and experimental results. Finally, it has been found that the developed path planning algorithm can be effectively applied to any kinds of complex situation.

关键词： mobile robot obstacle avoidance Invasive Weed Optimization navigation

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An autonomous miniature wheeled robot based on visual feedback control

CHEN Haichu

《机械工程前沿（英文）》 2007年第2卷第2期页码 197-200 doi: 10.1007/s11465-007-0033-7

摘要： Using two micro-motors, a novel omni-direction miniature wheeled robot is designed on the basis of the bi-corner driving principle. The robot takes advantage of the Bluetooth technology to wirelessly transmit data at a short distance. Its position and omni-direction motion are precise. A Charge Coupled Device (CCD) camera is used for measuring and for visual navi gation. A control system is developed. The precision of the position is 0.5 mm, the resolution is about 0.05 mm, and the maximum velocity is about 52 mm/s. The visual navigation and control system allow the robot to navigate and track the target and to accomplish autonomous locomotion.

关键词： measuring distance autonomous locomotion advantage navigation